3.5. The Image Classification Dataset¶ Open the notebook in SageMaker Studio Lab
One of the widely used dataset for image classification is the MNIST dataset (). While it had a good run as a benchmark dataset, even simple models by today’s standards achieve classification accuracy over 95%, making it unsuitable for distinguishing between stronger models and weaker ones. Today, MNIST serves as more of sanity checks than as a benchmark. To up the ante just a bit, we will focus our discussion in the coming sections on the qualitatively similar, but comparatively complex Fashion-MNIST dataset (), which was released in 2017.
%matplotlib inline
import sys
from mxnet import gluon
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
%matplotlib inline
import torch
import torchvision
from torch.utils import data
from torchvision import transforms
from d2l import torch as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
%matplotlib inline
import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
3.5.1. Reading the Dataset¶
We can download and read the Fashion-MNIST dataset into memory via the build-in functions in the framework.
mnist_train = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=True)
mnist_test = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=False)
# `ToTensor` converts the image data from PIL type to 32-bit floating point
# tensors. It divides all numbers by 255 so that all pixel values are between
# 0 and 1
trans = transforms.ToTensor()
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_train, mnist_test = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist.load_data()
Fashion-MNIST consists of images from 10 categories, each represented by 6000 images in the training dataset and by 1000 in the test dataset. A test dataset (or test set) is used for evaluating model performance and not for training. Consequently the training set and the test set contain 60000 and 10000 images, respectively.
len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test)
(60000, 10000)
len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test)
(60000, 10000)
len(mnist_train[0]), len(mnist_test[0])
(60000, 10000)
The height and width of each input image are both 28 pixels. Note that the dataset consists of grayscale images, whose number of channels is 1. For brevity, throughout this book we store the shape of any image with height \(h\) width \(w\) pixels as \(h \times w\) or (\(h\), \(w\)).
mnist_train[0][0].shape
(28, 28, 1)
mnist_train[0][0].shape
torch.Size([1, 28, 28])
mnist_train[0][0].shape
(28, 28)
The images in Fashion-MNIST are associated with the following categories: t-shirt, trousers, pullover, dress, coat, sandal, shirt, sneaker, bag, and ankle boot. The following function converts between numeric label indices and their names in text.
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels): #@save
"""Return text labels for the Fashion-MNIST dataset."""
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
We can now create a function to visualize these examples.
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""Plot a list of images."""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
ax.imshow(img.asnumpy())
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""Plot a list of images."""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if torch.is_tensor(img):
# Tensor Image
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
# PIL Image
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""Plot a list of images."""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
Here are the images and their corresponding labels (in text) for the first few examples in the training dataset.
X, y = mnist_train[:18]
print(X.shape)
show_images(X.squeeze(axis=-1), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
(18, 28, 28, 1)
X, y = next(iter(data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=18)))
show_images(X.reshape(18, 28, 28), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
X = tf.constant(mnist_train[0][:18])
y = tf.constant(mnist_train[1][:18])
show_images(X, 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
3.5.2. Reading a Minibatch¶
To make our life easier when reading from the training and test sets, we
use the built-in data iterator rather than creating one from scratch.
Recall that at each iteration, a data iterator reads a minibatch of data
with size batch_size each time. We also randomly shuffle the
examples for the training data iterator.
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers(): #@save
"""Use 4 processes to read the data except for Windows."""
return 0 if sys.platform.startswith('win') else 4
# `ToTensor` converts the image data from uint8 to 32-bit floating point. It
# divides all numbers by 255 so that all pixel values are between 0 and 1
transformer = gluon.data.vision.transforms.ToTensor()
train_iter = gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_train.transform_first(transformer),
batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers(): #@save
"""Use 4 processes to read the data."""
return 4
train_iter = data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
batch_size = 256
train_iter = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
mnist_train).batch(batch_size).shuffle(len(mnist_train[0]))
Let us look at the time it takes to read the training data.
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'2.47 sec'
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'2.28 sec'
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'0.29 sec'
3.5.3. Putting All Things Together¶
Now we define the load_data_fashion_mnist function that obtains and
reads the Fashion-MNIST dataset. It returns the data iterators for both
the training set and validation set. In addition, it accepts an optional
argument to resize images to another shape.
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""Download the Fashion-MNIST dataset and then load it into memory."""
dataset = gluon.data.vision
trans = [dataset.transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, dataset.transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = dataset.transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = dataset.FashionMNIST(train=True).transform_first(trans)
mnist_test = dataset.FashionMNIST(train=False).transform_first(trans)
return (gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""Download the Fashion-MNIST dataset and then load it into memory."""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""Download the Fashion-MNIST dataset and then load it into memory."""
mnist_train, mnist_test = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist.load_data()
# Divide all numbers by 255 so that all pixel values are between
# 0 and 1, add a batch dimension at the last. And cast label to int32
process = lambda X, y: (tf.expand_dims(X, axis=3) / 255,
tf.cast(y, dtype='int32'))
resize_fn = lambda X, y: (
tf.image.resize_with_pad(X, resize, resize) if resize else X, y)
return (
tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(process(*mnist_train)).batch(
batch_size).shuffle(len(mnist_train[0])).map(resize_fn),
tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(process(*mnist_test)).batch(
batch_size).map(resize_fn))
Below we test the image resizing feature of the
load_data_fashion_mnist function by specifying the resize
argument.
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
(32, 1, 64, 64) <class 'numpy.float32'> (32,) <class 'numpy.int32'>
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
torch.Size([32, 1, 64, 64]) torch.float32 torch.Size([32]) torch.int64
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
(32, 64, 64, 1) <dtype: 'float32'> (32,) <dtype: 'int32'>
We are now ready to work with the Fashion-MNIST dataset in the sections that follow.
3.5.4. Summary¶
Fashion-MNIST is an apparel classification dataset consisting of images representing 10 categories. We will use this dataset in subsequent sections and chapters to evaluate various classification algorithms.
We store the shape of any image with height \(h\) width \(w\) pixels as \(h \times w\) or (\(h\), \(w\)).
Data iterators are a key component for efficient performance. Rely on well-implemented data iterators that exploit high-performance computing to avoid slowing down your training loop.
3.5.5. Exercises¶
Does reducing the
batch_size(for instance, to 1) affect the reading performance?The data iterator performance is important. Do you think the current implementation is fast enough? Explore various options to improve it.
Check out the framework’s online API documentation. Which other datasets are available?