10.4. Bahdanau Attention¶ Open the notebook in SageMaker Studio Lab
We studied the machine translation problem in Section 9.7, where we designed an encoder-decoder architecture based on two RNNs for sequence to sequence learning. Specifically, the RNN encoder transforms a variable-length sequence into a fixed-shape context variable, then the RNN decoder generates the output (target) sequence token by token based on the generated tokens and the context variable. However, even though not all the input (source) tokens are useful for decoding a certain token, the same context variable that encodes the entire input sequence is still used at each decoding step.
In a separate but related challenge of handwriting generation for a given text sequence, Graves designed a differentiable attention model to align text characters with the much longer pen trace, where the alignment moves only in one direction (). Inspired by the idea of learning to align, Bahdanau et al. proposed a differentiable attention model without the severe unidirectional alignment limitation (). When predicting a token, if not all the input tokens are relevant, the model aligns (or attends) only to parts of the input sequence that are relevant to the current prediction. This is achieved by treating the context variable as an output of attention pooling.
10.4.1. Model¶
When describing Bahdanau attention for the RNN encoder-decoder below, we will follow the same notation in Section 9.7. The new attention-based model is the same as that in Section 9.7 except that the context variable \(\mathbf{c}\) in (9.7.3) is replaced by \(\mathbf{c}_{t'}\) at any decoding time step \(t'\). Suppose that there are \(T\) tokens in the input sequence, the context variable at the decoding time step \(t'\) is the output of attention pooling:
where the decoder hidden state \(\mathbf{s}_{t' - 1}\) at time step \(t' - 1\) is the query, and the encoder hidden states \(\mathbf{h}_t\) are both the keys and values, and the attention weight \(\alpha\) is computed as in (10.3.2) using the additive attention scoring function defined by (10.3.3).
Slightly different from the vanilla RNN encoder-decoder architecture in Fig. 9.7.2, the same architecture with Bahdanau attention is depicted in Fig. 10.4.1.
Fig. 10.4.1 Layers in an RNN encoder-decoder model with Bahdanau attention.¶
from mxnet import np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn, rnn
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
npx.set_np()
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
10.4.2. Defining the Decoder with Attention¶
To implement the RNN encoder-decoder with Bahdanau attention, we only
need to redefine the decoder. To visualize the learned attention weights
more conveniently, the following AttentionDecoder class defines the
base interface for decoders with attention mechanisms.
#@save
class AttentionDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
"""The base attention-based decoder interface."""
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(AttentionDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
@property
def attention_weights(self):
raise NotImplementedError
Now let us implement the RNN decoder with Bahdanau attention in the
following Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder class. The state of the decoder is
initialized with (i) the encoder final-layer hidden states at all the
time steps (as keys and values of the attention); (ii) the encoder
all-layer hidden state at the final time step (to initialize the hidden
state of the decoder); and (iii) the encoder valid length (to exclude
the padding tokens in attention pooling). At each decoding time step,
the decoder final-layer hidden state at the previous time step is used
as the query of the attention. As a result, both the attention output
and the input embedding are concatenated as the input of the RNN
decoder.
class Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(AttentionDecoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super(Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention = d2l.AdditiveAttention(num_hiddens, dropout)
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = rnn.GRU(num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
self.dense = nn.Dense(vocab_size, flatten=False)
def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_lens, *args):
# Shape of `outputs`: (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`,
# `num_hiddens`)
outputs, hidden_state = enc_outputs
return (outputs.swapaxes(0, 1), hidden_state, enc_valid_lens)
def forward(self, X, state):
# Shape of `enc_outputs`: (`batch_size`, `num_steps`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`,
# `num_hiddens`)
enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_lens = state
# Shape of the output `X`: (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `embed_size`)
X = self.embedding(X).swapaxes(0, 1)
outputs, self._attention_weights = [], []
for x in X:
# Shape of `query`: (`batch_size`, 1, `num_hiddens`)
query = np.expand_dims(hidden_state[0][-1], axis=1)
# Shape of `context`: (`batch_size`, 1, `num_hiddens`)
context = self.attention(
query, enc_outputs, enc_outputs, enc_valid_lens)
# Concatenate on the feature dimension
x = np.concatenate((context, np.expand_dims(x, axis=1)), axis=-1)
# Reshape `x` as (1, `batch_size`, `embed_size` + `num_hiddens`)
out, hidden_state = self.rnn(x.swapaxes(0, 1), hidden_state)
outputs.append(out)
self._attention_weights.append(self.attention.attention_weights)
# After fully-connected layer transformation, shape of `outputs`:
# (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `vocab_size`)
outputs = self.dense(np.concatenate(outputs, axis=0))
return outputs.swapaxes(0, 1), [enc_outputs, hidden_state,
enc_valid_lens]
@property
def attention_weights(self):
return self._attention_weights
class Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(AttentionDecoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super(Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention = d2l.AdditiveAttention(
num_hiddens, num_hiddens, num_hiddens, dropout)
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = nn.GRU(
embed_size + num_hiddens, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=dropout)
self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens, vocab_size)
def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_lens, *args):
# Shape of `outputs`: (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`,
# `num_hiddens`)
outputs, hidden_state = enc_outputs
return (outputs.permute(1, 0, 2), hidden_state, enc_valid_lens)
def forward(self, X, state):
# Shape of `enc_outputs`: (`batch_size`, `num_steps`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`,
# `num_hiddens`)
enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_lens = state
# Shape of the output `X`: (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `embed_size`)
X = self.embedding(X).permute(1, 0, 2)
outputs, self._attention_weights = [], []
for x in X:
# Shape of `query`: (`batch_size`, 1, `num_hiddens`)
query = torch.unsqueeze(hidden_state[-1], dim=1)
# Shape of `context`: (`batch_size`, 1, `num_hiddens`)
context = self.attention(
query, enc_outputs, enc_outputs, enc_valid_lens)
# Concatenate on the feature dimension
x = torch.cat((context, torch.unsqueeze(x, dim=1)), dim=-1)
# Reshape `x` as (1, `batch_size`, `embed_size` + `num_hiddens`)
out, hidden_state = self.rnn(x.permute(1, 0, 2), hidden_state)
outputs.append(out)
self._attention_weights.append(self.attention.attention_weights)
# After fully-connected layer transformation, shape of `outputs`:
# (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `vocab_size`)
outputs = self.dense(torch.cat(outputs, dim=0))
return outputs.permute(1, 0, 2), [enc_outputs, hidden_state,
enc_valid_lens]
@property
def attention_weights(self):
return self._attention_weights
class Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(AttentionDecoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention = d2l.AdditiveAttention(num_hiddens, num_hiddens,
num_hiddens, dropout)
self.embedding = tf.keras.layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = tf.keras.layers.RNN(tf.keras.layers.StackedRNNCells(
[tf.keras.layers.GRUCell(num_hiddens, dropout=dropout)
for _ in range(num_layers)]),
return_sequences=True, return_state=True)
self.dense = tf.keras.layers.Dense(vocab_size)
def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_lens, *args):
# Shape of `outputs`: (`batch_size`, `num_steps`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`, `num_hiddens`)
outputs, hidden_state = enc_outputs
return (outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_lens)
def call(self, X, state, **kwargs):
# Shape of `enc_outputs`: (`batch_size`, `num_steps`, `num_hiddens`).
# Shape of `hidden_state[0]`: (`num_layers`, `batch_size`, `num_hiddens`)
enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_lens = state
# Shape of the output `X`: (`num_steps`, `batch_size`, `embed_size`)
X = self.embedding(X) # Input `X` has shape: (`batch_size`, `num_steps`)
X = tf.transpose(X, perm=(1, 0, 2))
outputs, self._attention_weights = [], []
for x in X:
# Shape of `query`: (`batch_size`, 1, `num_hiddens`)
query = tf.expand_dims(hidden_state[-1], axis=1)
# Shape of `context`: (`batch_size, 1, `num_hiddens`)
context = self.attention(query, enc_outputs, enc_outputs,
enc_valid_lens, **kwargs)
# Concatenate on the feature dimension
x = tf.concat((context, tf.expand_dims(x, axis=1)), axis=-1)
out = self.rnn(x, hidden_state, **kwargs)
hidden_state = out[1:]
outputs.append(out[0])
self._attention_weights.append(self.attention.attention_weights)
# After fully-connected layer transformation, shape of `outputs`:
# (`batch_size`, `num_steps`, `vocab_size`)
outputs = self.dense(tf.concat(outputs, axis=1))
return outputs, [enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_lens]
@property
def attention_weights(self):
return self._attention_weights
In the following, we test the implemented decoder with Bahdanau attention using a minibatch of 4 sequence inputs of 7 time steps.
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
encoder.initialize()
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
decoder.initialize()
X = np.zeros((4, 7)) # (`batch_size`, `num_steps`)
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X), None)
output, state = decoder(X, state)
output.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, len(state[1]), state[1][0].shape
((4, 7, 10), 3, (4, 7, 16), 1, (2, 4, 16))
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
encoder.eval()
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
decoder.eval()
X = torch.zeros((4, 7), dtype=torch.long) # (`batch_size`, `num_steps`)
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X), None)
output, state = decoder(X, state)
output.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, len(state[1]), state[1][0].shape
(torch.Size([4, 7, 10]), 3, torch.Size([4, 7, 16]), 2, torch.Size([4, 16]))
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16,
num_layers=2)
X = tf.zeros((4, 7))
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X, training=False), None)
output, state = decoder(X, state, training=False)
output.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, len(state[1]), state[1][0].shape
(TensorShape([4, 7, 10]), 3, TensorShape([4, 7, 16]), 2, TensorShape([4, 16]))
10.4.3. Training¶
Similar to Section 9.7.4, here we specify hyperparemeters, instantiate an encoder and a decoder with Bahdanau attention, and train this model for machine translation. Due to the newly added attention mechanism, this training is much slower than that in Section 9.7.4 without attention mechanisms.
embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout = 32, 32, 2, 0.1
batch_size, num_steps = 64, 10
lr, num_epochs, device = 0.005, 250, d2l.try_gpu()
train_iter, src_vocab, tgt_vocab = d2l.load_data_nmt(batch_size, num_steps)
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(
len(src_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(
len(tgt_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
net = d2l.EncoderDecoder(encoder, decoder)
d2l.train_seq2seq(net, train_iter, lr, num_epochs, tgt_vocab, device)
loss 0.026, 3042.4 tokens/sec on gpu(0)
embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout = 32, 32, 2, 0.1
batch_size, num_steps = 64, 10
lr, num_epochs, device = 0.005, 250, d2l.try_gpu()
train_iter, src_vocab, tgt_vocab = d2l.load_data_nmt(batch_size, num_steps)
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(
len(src_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(
len(tgt_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
net = d2l.EncoderDecoder(encoder, decoder)
d2l.train_seq2seq(net, train_iter, lr, num_epochs, tgt_vocab, device)
loss 0.020, 5455.6 tokens/sec on cuda:0
embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout = 32, 32, 2, 0.1
batch_size, num_steps = 64, 10
lr, num_epochs, device = 0.005, 250, d2l.try_gpu()
train_iter, src_vocab, tgt_vocab = d2l.load_data_nmt(batch_size, num_steps)
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(
len(src_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(
len(tgt_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
net = d2l.EncoderDecoder(encoder, decoder)
d2l.train_seq2seq(net, train_iter, lr, num_epochs, tgt_vocab, device)
loss 0.026, 531.0 tokens/sec on <tensorflow.python.eager.context._EagerDeviceContext object at 0x7f18f0061800>
After the model is trained, we use it to translate a few English sentences into French and compute their BLEU scores.
engs = ['go .', "i lost .", 'he\'s calm .', 'i\'m home .']
fras = ['va !', 'j\'ai perdu .', 'il est calme .', 'je suis chez moi .']
for eng, fra in zip(engs, fras):
translation, dec_attention_weight_seq = d2l.predict_seq2seq(
net, eng, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, device, True)
print(f'{eng} => {translation}, ',
f'bleu {d2l.bleu(translation, fra, k=2):.3f}')
go . => va !, bleu 1.000
i lost . => j'ai perdu ., bleu 1.000
he's calm . => il est riche ., bleu 0.658
i'm home . => je suis chez moi ., bleu 1.000
attention_weights = np.concatenate([step[0][0][0] for step in dec_attention_weight_seq], 0
).reshape((1, 1, -1, num_steps))
engs = ['go .', "i lost .", 'he\'s calm .', 'i\'m home .']
fras = ['va !', 'j\'ai perdu .', 'il est calme .', 'je suis chez moi .']
for eng, fra in zip(engs, fras):
translation, dec_attention_weight_seq = d2l.predict_seq2seq(
net, eng, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, device, True)
print(f'{eng} => {translation}, ',
f'bleu {d2l.bleu(translation, fra, k=2):.3f}')
go . => va !, bleu 1.000
i lost . => j'ai perdu ., bleu 1.000
he's calm . => il est riche ., bleu 0.658
i'm home . => je suis chez moi ., bleu 1.000
attention_weights = torch.cat([step[0][0][0] for step in dec_attention_weight_seq], 0).reshape((
1, 1, -1, num_steps))
engs = ['go .', "i lost .", 'he\'s calm .', 'i\'m home .']
fras = ['va !', 'j\'ai perdu .', 'il est calme .', 'je suis chez moi .']
for eng, fra in zip(engs, fras):
translation, dec_attention_weight_seq = d2l.predict_seq2seq(
net, eng, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, True)
print(f'{eng} => {translation}, ',
f'bleu {d2l.bleu(translation, fra, k=2):.3f}')
go . => va !, bleu 1.000
i lost . => j'ai perdu ., bleu 1.000
he's calm . => il est paresseux ., bleu 0.658
i'm home . => je suis chez moi ., bleu 1.000
attention_weights = tf.reshape(
tf.concat([step[0][0][0] for step in dec_attention_weight_seq], 0),
(1, 1, -1, num_steps))
By visualizing the attention weights when translating the last English sentence, we can see that each query assigns non-uniform weights over key-value pairs. It shows that at each decoding step, different parts of the input sequences are selectively aggregated in the attention pooling.
# Plus one to include the end-of-sequence token
d2l.show_heatmaps(
attention_weights[:, :, :, :len(engs[-1].split()) + 1],
xlabel='Key positions', ylabel='Query positions')
# Plus one to include the end-of-sequence token
d2l.show_heatmaps(
attention_weights[:, :, :, :len(engs[-1].split()) + 1].cpu(),
xlabel='Key positions', ylabel='Query positions')
# Plus one to include the end-of-sequence token
d2l.show_heatmaps(attention_weights[:, :, :, :len(engs[-1].split()) + 1],
xlabel='Key posistions', ylabel='Query posistions')
10.4.4. Summary¶
When predicting a token, if not all the input tokens are relevant, the RNN encoder-decoder with Bahdanau attention selectively aggregates different parts of the input sequence. This is achieved by treating the context variable as an output of additive attention pooling.
In the RNN encoder-decoder, Bahdanau attention treats the decoder hidden state at the previous time step as the query, and the encoder hidden states at all the time steps as both the keys and values.
10.4.5. Exercises¶
Replace GRU with LSTM in the experiment.
Modify the experiment to replace the additive attention scoring function with the scaled dot-product. How does it influence the training efficiency?